PROG: Revised documents for ISIS Web pages, fixes #1358

        <h4> <a name="aroundParentheses">Around Parentheses, Braces, and Brackets</a> </h4>

        <p>

          Padding is not used inside parentheses ( ) or angle brackets < > if

          the interior is short and simple.  For embedded paretheses, padding may be

          used to make code more readable.  For embeded angle brackets, padding

          the interior is short and simple.  For embedded parentheses, padding may be

          used to make code more readable.  For embedded angle brackets, padding

          is required between closing brackets.  If the interior is not simple,

          programmers can also use padding in such a way to make the code more

          readable.

          </strong></pre>

        </p>

        <p>

          All appropriate mutator and accesor methods should begin with

          All appropriate mutator and accessor methods should begin with

          <i>set</i>, <i>has</i>, or <i>is</i>.  The <i>get</i> prefix should

          not be used for accessor methods, with the exception of overriden

          not be used for accessor methods, with the exception of overridden

          methods inherited from third party libraries.

        </p>

        <p>

            int size();

            Stretch stretch();

            <font color="green">

            // The 'get' prefix sometimes is required for overriden methods from

            // The 'get' prefix sometimes is required for overridden methods from

            // third party packages, such as the following method from QInputDialog.</font>

            QString getText();

          </strong></pre>

          </li>

            <dd>

              Examples include NAIF libraries, Boost, GNU

              Scientific Library (GSL), Geomethry Engine Open

              Scientific Library (GSL), Geometry Engine Open

              Source (GEOS), and Google Protocol Buffers

            </dd>

          <li> Other ISIS headers </li>

        <h4> <a name="initializing">Initializing Variables</a> </h4>

        <p>

          Primitive variable types should be initialized using an equals sign, not

          Primitive variable types should be initialized using an equal sign, not

          parentheses.

        </p>

        <p>

          This was motivated by the following:

          <ul>

            <li>

              There is minimal compatibility with the Qt inteface, despite operators to QString and

              There is minimal compatibility with the Qt interface, despite operators to QString and

              a constructor that converts from QString.

            </li>

            <li>

            </li>

            <li>

              There have been multiple instances of taking 3 lines of code to get a string from type

              A to type B in qisis code -- a rediculous amount of effort for what was needed.

              A to type B in qisis code -- a ridiculous amount of effort for what was needed.

            </li>

            <li>

              Ambiguous conversions because of the implicit casting operators in iString which

            </ol>

          </li>

          <li> Consider separating documentation standards from coding standards.</li>

          <li> Consider separating style guidlines from coding standards.</li>

          <li> Consider separating style guidelines from coding standards.</li>

          <li>

            Create links for each section to a page that shows justification

            for the standards chosen.

        </p>

        <p>

          <strong>E-mail Communcations Between Users:</strong>

          <strong>E-mail Communications Between Users:</strong>

            A user cannot e-mail a second user unless the second users has chosen "Always show my e-mail address" in his profile.

            If he chooses to turn this option on, users will be able to send mail to him through the Support Center,

            but they will not be able to see his e-mail address on the Support Center web pages. However, when a

        <p>

          <strong>Visibility of Topics, Instant Messages, and Other Communications</strong>

            Messages posted to the forum are publicly viewable. Other forms of correspondence (private messages, e-mail, postings

            Messages posted to the forum are publicly viewable. Other forms of correspondence (private messages, e-mail, and postings

            to the old ISIS Support Center/Support Wizard) may be published on the forum, but all identifying information will be

            removed or permission will be requested from the user to include the message on the board.

        </p>

        <definitions>

          <definition name="Adjusted">

            The term, Adjusted, refers to the output pixel coordinate or output geographic location

            within a control network.  Applications such as pointreg or jigsaw report and update

            the "Adjusted" output pixel coordinate (pointreg) or geographic location (jigsaw) in

            the output control network.

            within a control network.  Applications such as <i>pointreg</i> or <i>jigsaw</i> 

	    report and update the "Adjusted" output pixel coordinate (<i>pointreg</i>) or

	     geographic location (<i>jigsaw</i>) in the output control network.

          </definition>

          <definition name="A Priori">

            The term, "A Priori", refers to the initial or original value of a pixel coordinate or

            geographic location within a control network.  Applications such as pointreg or jigsaw

            refer to the a priori values for an input pixel coordinate (pointreg) or geographic

            location (jigsaw) in an input control network.

            geographic location within a control network.  Applications such as <i>pointreg</i> or 

	    <i>jigsaw</i>

            refer to the a priori values for an input pixel coordinate (<i>pointreg</i>) or geographic

            location (<i>jigsaw</i>) in an input control network.

          </definition>

          <definition name="Band">

               Within the ISIS environment, "Byte" refers to how many bits there are

               per single meaningful value in an image cube file.  The Byte information

               for an image cube file is stored on the image cube labels in Group=Pixels, where

               the keywords Type and ByteOrder describe the what byte format the image cube is.

               the keywords Type and ByteOrder describe the byte format.

            </p>

          </definition>

            Spacecraft & Planetary ephemerides, Instrument C-matrix and

            Event kernels.  SPICE refers to all the information required by ISIS

            in order to compute and map each image pixel onto a surface with

            reference to spacecraft position, sun position, instrument and

            reference to spacecraft position, sun position, instrument, and

            mission activities.  ISIS uses software (ToolKit) supplied by the

            Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) for SPICE access

            and kernel management (Refer to spiceinit).

         <definition name="Control Network">

            A network of Control Points.  Within the ISIS environment, the control network

            file is binary.  The network contains multiple fields of information for

            control points identified and measures collected between any number of image cubes.

            file is binary file.  The network contains multiple fields of information for

            control points and measures collected between any number of image cubes.

            <p>

              Refer to qnet, cneteditor, cnetbin2pvl for more information about the control network

              contents.

              Refer to <i>qnet</i>, <i>cneteditor</i>, and <i>cnetbin2pvl</i> for more 

	      information about the control network contents.

            </p>

          </definition>

            applications).

            <p>

              The serial number associated with each control measure is included

              as a field in the binary control network.  'getsn' is an ISIS

              application that will return the SN value for a given image

              as a field in the binary control network.  ISIS <i>getsn</i>

              application will return the SN value for a given image

              filename.

            </p>

          </definition>

            </p>

            <p>

              There are control network applications that can set the Reference=True

              explicitly (cnetref, qnet) or 'runtime' implicitly (If reference is not set,

              the implicit default is the first 'valid' measure listed within a control point,

              refer to the 'pointreg' application for more information).

              explicitly (<i>cnetref</i>, <i>qnet</i>) or 'runtime' implicitly 

	      (If reference is not set, the implicit default is the first 

	      'valid' measure listed within a control point,

              refer to the <i>pointreg</i> application for more information).

            </p>

          </definition>

          <definition name="Level0">

            Level0 is a standard cartographic processing phase that describes an

            image has been ingested into ISIS (PDS EDR) and will often have

            SPICE information loaded on the ISIS cube labels (spiceinit).

            SPICE information loaded on the ISIS cube labels (<i>spiceinit</i>).

            Level0 image cubes are often the input to mission specific

            radiomatric calibration applications if supported in ISIS.

            radiometric calibration applications if supported in ISIS.

            <p>

              Level0 implies a 'non-projected', raw image cube ('camera space').

            </p>

            <p>

              This level will often represent an image that also has had  noise removed.

              ISIS reports the camera geometry (viewing geometry of an image cube) for

              a Level1. Most ISIS application names that start with a prefix of 'cam'

              expect a Level1  cube as input (refer to applications such as camstats, campt, cam2map).

              a Level1. Most ISIS application names that starts with a prefix of 'cam'

              expect a Level1  cube as input (refer to applications such as 

	      <i>camstats</i>, <i>campt</i>, and <i>cam2map</i>).

            </p>

            <p>

              Level1 implies a 'non-projected' radiometrically calibrated cube ('camera space').

            <p>

               Most ISIS applications that start with a prefix of

              'map' expects a Level2 cube as input (refer to applications such as

               mappt, map2map, map2cam).

               <i>mappt</i>, <i>map2map</i>, and <i>map2cam</i>).

            </p>

            <p>

              Level2 implies a 'map-projected' cube.

          <definition name="Radius">

            The distance (vector) value between the center of and a point on a

            circle, sphere, ellipse or ellipsoid.  Refer to qview, camstats,

            campt as example reporting applications of the radius value at every

            circle, sphere, ellipse or ellipsoid.  Refer to <i>qview</i>, <i>camstats</i>,

             or <i>campt</i> as examples of applications that report radius value at every

            image pixel location.

            <p>

               ISIS expects and reports the radius value in Meters.

            </p>

            <p>

              ISIS requires a radius DEM model in order to orthorectify an image

              (refer to spiceinit- shapemodel/cam2map).  This is not to be

              (refer to <i>spiceinit</i>- shape model/<i>cam2map</i>).  This is not to be

              confused with a topography file where the radius is subtracted

              from the (best fit trixial or aeroid) shape of the target body.

              from the (best fit triaxial or aeroid) shape of the target body.

            </p>

          </definition>

          <definition name="Emission Angle">

          <definition name="">

            The emission angle (EMA) is the angle between the spacecraft and a

            vector drawn perpendicular to the planet's surface (surface normal).

            Using SPICE, ISIS applications compute this angle from the ellipsoid.

            <p>

              Emission Angle is in degrees.  The valid range is between 0 - 90.

              Emission Angle is in degrees.  The valid range is between 0 and 90.

            </p>

          </definition>

          <definition name="Ground Azimuth">

            A clockwise angle between one reference point and another reference

            point.  Each pixel location has a latitude, longitude associated with

            point.  Each pixel location has a latitude and longitude associated with

            it (ground point).  The only information required to calculate a

            ground azimuth is to form a spherical triangle from three points on

            the planet (ground point, north pole, and point of interest) The

            the planet (ground point, North Pole, and point of interest). The

            point of interest is often the sub-spacecraft or sub-solar point.

            Spherical trignometry is then used to calculate the angle.

            Spherical trigonometry is then used to calculate the angle.

            <p>

              Ground Azimuth has nothing to do with the image, meaning it does

              not rely on camera geometry for its calculation.

            <p>

              Using SPICE, ISIS applications compute this angle using an elevation model

              (e.g., local slopes) at every pixel; ONLY if the elevation model exists on the

              image cube labels (Instrument Group, ShapeModel keyword, Refer to the Spiceinit

              image cube labels (Instrument Group, ShapeModel keyword, Refer to the <i>spiceinit</i>

              application).  If the elevation model does not exist, the computation will

              then be based on the the ellipsoid (the result will match "Emission Angle").

              then be based on the ellipsoid (the result will match "Emission Angle").

            </p>

            <p>

               Local Emission Angle is in degrees.

              ISIS applications use SPICE to compute this angle using the elevation model

              (e.g., local slopes) at every pixel; ONLY IF the elevation model exists on

              the image cube labels (Instrument Group, ShapeModel keyword, refer

              to the application, spiceinit).   If the elevation model does not exist,

              to the application, <i>spiceinit</i>).   If the elevation model does not exist,

              the computation will then be based on the ellipsoid

              (the result will match "Incidence Angle").

            </p>

          </definition>

          <definition name="Right Ascension">

              Right Ascension (RA) is one of two angles of the north pole

              Right Ascension (RA) is one of two angles of the North Pole

              of a target body as a function of time.  

             <p>

              For more information, refer to Euler Angles, Declination and Prime Meridian

          </definition>

          <definition name="Declination">

              Declination (Dec) is one of two angles of the north pole of

              Declination (Dec) is one of two angles of the North Pole of

              a target body as a function of time.

             <p>

              For more information, refer to Euler Angles, Right Ascension and Prime Meridian

          <definition name="Prime Meridian">

              Prime Meridian (W) location is the third Euler angle which is expressed

              as a rotation about the north pole as a function of time.  The reference

              as a rotation about the North Pole as a function of time.  The reference

              frame is J2000.

             <p>

              For more information, refer to Euler Angles

             <p>

               For more details refer to the definition for Latitude Type and

               the interactive demonstration in the "Learning About Map Projections"

               on the IsisWorkshop website.

               on the ISIS Workshop website.

             </p>

          </definition>

             <p>

               For more details refer to the definition for Latitude Type and

               the interactive demonstration in the "Learning About Map Projections"

               on the IsisWorkshop website.

               on the ISIS Workshop website.

             </p>

           </definition>

             <p>

              For more details refer to the definition for Longitude

              Direction and the interactive demonstration in the

              "Learning About Map Projections" on the IsisWorkshop

              "Learning About Map Projections" on the ISIS Workshop

              website.

             </p>

          </definition>

             <p>

              For more details refer to the definition for Longitude

              Direction and the interactive demonstration in the

              "Learning About Map Projections" on the IsisWorkshop

              "Learning About Map Projections" on the ISIS Workshop

              website.

             </p>

          </definition>

             interpreted and reported for a target body.

             <p>

              Longitude Domain = 360 will report longitude values

             (including Minimimum, Maximum and Center longitude) in

             (including Minimum, Maximum and Center longitude) in

             a degree range between 0 to 360.

             </p>

             <p>

              Longitude Domain = 180 will report longitude values

             (including Minimimum, Maximum and Center longitude) in

             (including Minimum, Maximum and Center longitude) in

             a degree range between -180 to 180.

             </p>

             <p>

              For more details, refer to the interactive demonstration

              in "Learning About Map Projections" on the IsisWorkshop

              in "Learning About Map Projections" on the ISIS Workshop

              website.  For potential challenges refer to the workshop

              discussion regarding image data that crosses the

              Longitude Seams.

             sun and moon.  Ephemeris time is described as a count of ephemeris

             seconds past the ephemeris reference epoch (J2000).

             <p>

               The basic spacial reference system for SPICE is the J2000 system.

               The basic spatial reference system for SPICE is the J2000 system.

               This is an inertial reference frame in which the equations of

               motion for the solar system may be integrated.  This reference

               frame is specified by the orientation of the earth's mean equator

             syntax used by the Planetary Data System.

             <p>

              For example, the keyword labels of a typical ISIS image cube

              is in PVL format (refer to catlab in order to view image cube labels).

              is in PVL format (refer to <i>catlab</i> in order to view image cube labels).

              A parameter name (or keyword name) is used to reference the value.

              The value portion of an assignment statement may contain a simple value

              (i.e., numeric, string, date/time value), a set or a sequence of values.

             </p>

             <p>

              Refer to the ISIS application, getkey, for one method of

              Refer to the ISIS application, <i>getkey</i>, for one method of

              extracting data values from a PVL formatted file.

             </p>

          </definition>

  <bibliography>

    <title>Glossary</title>

    <brief>

      A collection of definitions for common ideas used in ISIS and image

      processing in general.

      ISIS and Image Processing Terms and Definitions

    </brief>

    <description>

      This article acts as a collection of common definitions used frequently in

    <change name="Debbie Cook" date="2012-01-19">

      Added more definitions scale from Lynn Weller and local radius

    </change>

    <change name="Ella Mae Lee" date="2013-12-17">

      Change Brief description to "ISIS and Image Processing Terms 

      and Definitions" and fixed misspellings.

    </change>

  </history>

</documentation>

	memory, two 2.5 megabyte removable disks, an 800 bpi tape drive, a card 

	reader, and a teletype terminal. The PDP-11/20 ran a single user DOS/Batch 

	operating system that executed programs which were read from keypunch 

	cards.  The images were printed on film tranparencies with an 

	cards.  The images were printed on film transparencies with an 

	$80,000 Optronics International Inc. filmwriter, and then viewed by 

	the analyst. 

        </p>

	controlled mosaics consisting of thousands of large images from the Lunar 

	Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle Camera (NAC).  Solving 

	for the position and orientation of the spacecraft required handling 

	complex manipulations of extremely large matricies.  Even the 

	complex manipulations of extremely large matrices.  Even the 

	efficient access of ancillary data, historically stored as text in 

	file headers, became an issue.  ISIS 3 underwent a series of major 

	updates to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the map projected